Throughout its existence, the country has continued to endure ethnic conflicts, revolts, economic troubles, transitional governments and political conflict. Kyrgyzstan attained sovereignty as a nation state after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.Īfter independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential republic, then between 20 was officially a unitary parliamentary republic, although it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow and a democratic government was established. Following Mikhail Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president.
In 1876, it became part of the Russian Empire, and in 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union. Between periods of self-government it was ruled by Göktürks, the Uyghur Empire and the Khitan people, before being conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks, Manchus and Uzbeks. Inhabited by a succession of tribes and clans, Kyrgyzstan has periodically fallen under larger domination.
Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several great civilizations as part of the Silk Road and other commercial routes. Kyrgyzstan's history spans a variety of cultures and empires. In addition to its Turkic origins, Kyrgyz culture bears elements of Iranic, Mongolian and Russian influence. Ninety percent of Kyrgyzstan's population are Muslim, with the majority of its population following Sunni Islam.
The Kyrgyz language is closely related to other Turkic languages, although Russian remains spoken and is a co-official language. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's six million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians.
Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east. Kyrgyzstan ( Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан, romanized: Qırğızstan), officially the Kyrgyz Republic ( Kyrgyz: Кыргыз Республикасы, romanized: Qırğız Respublikasy Russian: Киргизская Республика, romanized: Kirgizskaya Respublika), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia.
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